When speaking about graphene, we have to first discuss the all-natural mineral graphite that is extensively existing in our daily life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are set up layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the exact same layer “hold hands” and are closely linked, however the mix of carbon atoms between various layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly move apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the very same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to 3 various other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms develop a routine hexagonal ring on the same airplane, stretching to develop a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, then graphene is just one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite includes regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is tough to remove a solitary layer structure.
Greater than 20 years back, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there should be a method to acquire a solitary layer of graphite.
Exactly how can a solitary layer of graphite be removed? Researchers took a really “easy and crude” technique – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we compose a typo on paper, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers boldly link that if tape can stay with the surface area of paper, can it also adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into two. Although the density of graphite currently is still much from that of a solitary layer of graphite, researchers have confirmed the usefulness of this technique – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite becomes thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical peeling technique” to repeat the procedure, they ultimately obtained a thin sheet including just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this method of continuously scrubing graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has reduced manufacturing effectiveness and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the renovation of scientific and technological levels, the prep work approach of graphene has likewise made fantastic progression. At present, in addition to this standard physical and mechanical exfoliation approach, there are also several techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling method, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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